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A practical guide to the world's most common cancer in women
October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month, a global campaign symbolised by the pink ribbon. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), breast cancer caused about 670,000 deaths worldwide in 2022, and about 2.3 million women were diagnosed that year. It is the most common cancer in women in most countries. Survival is much higher when breast cancer is found early, which is why awareness, screening and timely treatment matter.
See a doctor if you notice:
Most breast lumps are not cancer, but any new change should be checked promptly.
| Risk factor | Notes |
|---|---|
| Age | Risk rises with age, especially after 40–50 |
| Family history | Close relatives with breast or ovarian cancer |
| Genetic mutations | BRCA1, BRCA2 and others |
| Reproductive factors | Early periods, late menopause, first pregnancy after 30 |
| Hormone therapy | Some types of menopausal hormone therapy |
| Lifestyle | Alcohol, obesity after menopause, physical inactivity |
| Radiation | Previous chest radiation |
Many women diagnosed with breast cancer have no known risk factor other than being female and getting older. Men can also get breast cancer, though it is rare.
Mammography (an X-ray of the breast) is the main screening tool.
Clinical breast examination by a trained health worker is used in many low- and middle-income settings where mammography is less available.
Rather than strict monthly self-exams, many health bodies now promote breast self-awareness: knowing how your breasts normally look and feel, and reporting changes quickly.
Treatment depends on the type and stage and may include:
Survival rates differ widely between countries. Late diagnosis, limited access to screening and treatment, and stigma contribute to worse outcomes in many low- and middle-income countries. The WHO's Global Breast Cancer Initiative aims to reduce breast cancer deaths by 2.5% per year. It focuses on early detection, timely diagnosis and complete treatment.
Often a new lump or thickening, but changes in skin, nipple or breast shape can also be early signs. Some cancers cause no symptoms and are found by screening.
The WHO recommends every two years from 50 to 69 in well-resourced settings. Many countries start at 40 or 45. Follow your national guidelines and doctor's advice.
No. Most lumps are benign, such as cysts or fibroadenomas, but all new lumps should be checked.
Yes, though it is rare. Men should also report breast lumps or changes.
Breast Cancer Awareness Month is a reminder to know the signs, understand your risk and follow screening guidance. Early detection is one of the best protections against breast cancer.
This article is for general information and does not replace medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare professional about your individual situation.
